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[Solved] Fibre: What is fibre multiplexing?

Fibre: What is fibre multiplexing?

Fibre multiplexing is a technique used to transmit multiple streams of data over a single fiber optic cable. This allows for a large amount of data to be transmitted efficiently and quickly.

Imagine you have a bunch of different colored pencils, and you want to send them all to your friend who lives far away. One way to do this would be to pack each pencil into a separate box and send it through the mail. This would work, but it would take a lot of time and be expensive to send all those boxes.

Instead, you could put all the pencils into one big box and send them all at once. This is like what fibre multiplexing does with data. Instead of sending each piece of data separately, fibre multiplexing combines many different pieces of data into one big bundle and sends them all together through a fiber optic cable. This way, you can send a lot of data very quickly and efficiently.

There are several different methods of fibre multiplexing, including time-division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), and dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM). These methods differ in how they combine the multiple streams of data, but the basic concept is the same: using a single fiber optic cable to transmit multiple streams of data simultaneously.

Fibre multiplexing is used in a variety of applications, including telecommunications, internet service providers, and cable TV. It is an important technology that allows us to transmit large amounts of data over long distances quickly and efficiently.

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Pros and Cons of using VLANS over separate physical networks

I recently had to write out a list of pro’s and con’s to present to a client who just couldn’t work out why VLANS would work out cheaper than separate physical networks. In doing this i reminded myself that whilst VLANS do give alot more control, there are maybe quite a few situations where seperate physical networks could be more beneficial. It’s not all black and white. Here is the shortened version of the list i came up with:

Pros of using VLANs:

  • Flexibility: VLANs allow you to segment your network into different logical networks, which can be useful for separating different types of traffic or users. This can make it easier to manage and secure your network.
  • Cost savings: Using VLANs can be more cost-effective than setting up separate physical networks, as you can use a single network infrastructure to support multiple logical networks.
  • Simplicity: VLANs can make it easier to manage and troubleshoot your network, as you can isolate different types of traffic and users into different logical networks.

Cons of using VLANs:

  • Complexity: VLANs can add complexity to your network, as you need to configure and manage the VLANs themselves.
  • Limited scalability: VLANs can be limited in terms of how many devices can be assigned to a single VLAN.
  • Performance: VLANs can introduce some overhead and reduce performance compared to using separate physical networks.

Pros of using separate physical networks:

  • Simplicity: Using separate physical networks can be simpler to set up and manage than using VLANs.
  • Performance: Separate physical networks can offer better performance than VLANs, as there is no overhead introduced by the VLANs.

Cons of using separate physical networks:

  • Cost: Setting up separate physical networks can be more expensive than using VLANs, as it requires additional hardware and infrastructure.
  • Inflexibility: Separate physical networks offer less flexibility than VLANs, as you cannot easily segment your network into different logical networks.
  • Difficulty in managing and troubleshooting: Managing and troubleshooting separate physical networks can be more difficult than using VLANs, as you need to manage multiple physical networks rather than a single network infrastructure with multiple logical networks.

Here are a couple examples, the first is

When Vlans are preferable:

Imagine that you are setting up a network for a large office building with multiple departments. Each department has its own set of servers, workstations, and other network devices, and you want to ensure that the traffic from each department is kept separate from the others.

One option would be to set up separate physical networks for each department. However, this would be costly and inflexible, as it would require setting up separate network infrastructure for each department. Additionally, managing and troubleshooting multiple physical networks would be more complex than managing a single network infrastructure.

Instead, you could use VLANs to segment the network into different logical networks, one for each department. This would allow you to use a single network infrastructure to support multiple logical networks, while still keeping the traffic from each department separate. This would be more cost-effective and flexible than using separate physical networks, and it would be simpler to manage and troubleshoot.

When Separate physical networks are preferable:

Imagine that you are setting up a network for a large warehouse that will be used to store and track inventory. The warehouse will have a large number of sensors, RFID scanners, and other IoT devices that will be sending and receiving large amounts of data.

In this case, using VLANs to segment the network into different logical networks might not be sufficient to handle the large volumes of data being transmitted by the IoT devices. VLANs can introduce some overhead and reduce performance compared to using separate physical networks, so using separate physical networks might be necessary to ensure that the IoT devices have the bandwidth and latency they need.

Additionally, the warehouse network might be too large or complex to manage effectively using VLANs, in which case using separate physical networks might be simpler and more effective.

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Unifi: self-hosted UniFi server or a Cloud Key or other UniFi server?

If you are considering using the UniFi controller software to manage your network, you may be wondering whether to use a self-hosted UniFi server or a Cloud Key or other UniFi server. In this post, we’ll take a look at the pros and cons of each option to help you make an informed decision.

First, let’s define what we mean by a self-hosted UniFi server. A self-hosted UniFi server is a dedicated Linux server that runs the UniFi controller software. This allows you to manage your UniFi network using the UniFi controller software on your own server, rather than using a cloud-based server or a dedicated hardware device like a Cloud Key.

Now, let’s compare the pros and cons of using a self-hosted UniFi server vs a Cloud Key or other UniFi server.

Pros of a Self-Hosted UniFi Server

  • Greater control: With a self-hosted UniFi server, you have complete control over the server and the UniFi controller software. This allows you to customize the software and configure it to meet your specific needs. You can also choose your own hardware and operating system for the server, giving you more flexibility and options.
  • No subscription fees: A self-hosted UniFi server does not require a subscription fee, unlike some cloud-based UniFi servers. This can save you money in the long run, especially if you have a large network or multiple locations.
  • On-site management: With a self-hosted UniFi server, you can manage your network on-site, which can be convenient if you have a large network or multiple locations. This also allows you to manage your network even if you don’t have an internet connection, which can be useful in certain situations.

Cons of a Self-Hosted UniFi Server

  • Initial setup: Setting up a self-hosted UniFi server requires some technical expertise and can be time-consuming. You’ll need to install the UniFi controller software on a dedicated Linux server and configure it to your liking. This can be a challenge if you don’t have experience with Linux servers or the UniFi controller software.
  • Maintenance: As with any server, a self-hosted UniFi server requires regular maintenance and updates to keep it running smoothly. This can be time-consuming and may require additional technical expertise, depending on the complexity of your network. You’ll also need to make sure the server is backed up and secure to protect against data loss or cyber threats

Pros of a Cloud Key or Other UniFi Server

  • Easy setup: A Cloud Key or other UniFi server is a dedicated hardware device that comes pre-configured with the UniFi controller software. This makes it easy to set up and get started with the UniFi controller software, even if you don’t have much technical expertise. You simply plug the device into your network and follow the instructions to connect it to the UniFi controller software.
  • No maintenance: A Cloud Key or other UniFi server requires very little maintenance. The UniFi controller software is pre-installed and updates are handled automatically, so you don’t have to worry about keeping it up to date. This can save you time and hassle, especially if you don’t have a dedicated IT staff or expertise in networking.
  • Remote management: With a Cloud Key or other UniFi server, you can manage your network remotely using the UniFi controller software. This is convenient if you have a large network or multiple locations, as you can manage everything from a single interface. You can also access the UniFi controller software from any device with an internet connection, which can be useful when you’re on the go.

Cons of a Cloud Key or Other UniFi Server

  • Subscription fees: Some cloud-based UniFi servers, including the Cloud Key, require a subscription fee. This can add up over time, especially if you have a large network or multiple locations. Be sure to factor in any subscription fees when comparing the costs of different UniFi servers.
  • Limited customization: With a Cloud Key or other UniFi server, you have limited control over the UniFi controller software and the hardware. You can’t customize the software or choose your own hardware, which may be a drawback if you have specific requirements or preferences. You’ll also be limited to the features and capabilities of the UniFi controller software as it is provided, which may not meet all of your needs.
  • Dependency on internet connection: A Cloud Key or other UniFi server requires an internet connection to access the UniFi controller

Conclusion

As you can see, there are pros and cons to both self-hosted UniFi servers and Cloud Keys or other UniFi servers. Ultimately, the best choice for your business will depend on your specific needs and resources. If you have a large, complex network and want complete control over the UniFi controller software and hardware, a self-hosted UniFi server may be the best option. On the other hand, if you have a smaller network or less technical expertise, a Cloud Key or other UniFi server may be more convenient and cost-effective. Consider your budget, technical capabilities, and networking needs carefully when deciding which UniFi server is right for you.

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Running a company with a full Ubiquiti stack

Say you wanted to run a company completely using a Unifi stack, here are some examples of different products from Ubiquiti and potential use cases for a medium-sized business:

UniFi Access Points (APs)

These wireless APs offer high-performance Wi-Fi coverage and can be easily managed using the UniFi controller software. They are ideal for businesses that need to provide reliable Wi-Fi access to employees, guests, or customers in a variety of settings, such as offices, retail stores, or restaurants.

UniFi Switches

These managed switches offer a range of port configurations and advanced features, such as PoE (Power over Ethernet), VLAN tagging, and link aggregation. They are ideal for businesses that need to create a high-performance network infrastructure, such as for VoIP (Voice over IP) or video conferencing.

UniFi Security Gateway (USG)

This device combines a router, firewall, and VPN server in one compact package. It offers advanced security features, such as content filtering, intrusion prevention, and anti-malware protection. It is ideal for businesses that need to secure their network and protect against cyber threats.

UniFi Video Camera

These high-definition, network-attached cameras offer real-time video and audio monitoring, as well as advanced features like motion detection and night vision. They are ideal for businesses that need to enhance security or monitor their premises, such as warehouses or office buildings.

Self-Hosted UniFi Linux Server

A self-hosted UniFi Linux Server allows you to manage your UniFi network using the UniFi controller software on a dedicated Linux server. This offers advanced network management capabilities and can be particularly useful for businesses that need a high level of control over their network, such as those with multiple locations or remote workers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, using a full Ubiquiti stack to run your company’s network offers a range of benefits. The company’s high-quality, reliable products, wide range of options, scalability, ease of use, and affordable prices make it a solid choice for businesses looking to upgrade their networking capabilities. One of the key benefits of using a full stack of the same product is the ability to manage and maintain the network more efficiently. With all the same product, you can use the same management tools, such as the UniFi controller software, and benefit from consistent features and performance across the network. This can help streamline your company’s networking operations and reduce the risk of downtime or other issues. Consider switching to a full Ubiquiti stack to take advantage of these benefits and streamline your company’s networking operations.

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Using Ubiquiti networking equipment in an enterprise environment

As a leading provider of networking equipment and software, Ubiquiti is a trusted choice for businesses of all sizes. In this post, we’ll take a look at why we recommend using Ubiquiti’s products in an enterprise environment.

High-quality, reliable products: Ubiquiti is known for its high-quality, reliable products, which are built to withstand the demands of an enterprise environment. The company’s routers, switches, and access points are designed to deliver fast, stable connections, even in high-traffic situations.

Wide range of products: Ubiquiti offers a wide range of networking products, including routers, switches, access points, and software. This allows enterprises to choose the best products for their specific needs, whether they are looking to upgrade their Wi-Fi network or build a new one from scratch.

Scalability: Ubiquiti’s products are designed to be scalable, which means they can grow with your business as your networking needs change. The company’s UniFi software, for example, makes it easy to add new access points or switches to your network as you expand.

Ease of use: Ubiquiti’s products are known for their ease of use, which is a major advantage in an enterprise environment where there may be multiple users with different levels of technical expertise. The company’s UniFi software, in particular, is user-friendly and intuitive, making it easy to set up, monitor, and manage your network.

Affordable prices: While enterprise-grade networking equipment can be expensive, Ubiquiti’s products offer a great combination of performance and value. The company’s products are typically more affordable than those of some of its competitors, making them a cost-effective choice for businesses of all sizes.

In conclusion, there are many good reasons to consider using Ubiquiti’s networking equipment in an enterprise environment. The company’s high-quality, reliable products, wide range of options, scalability, ease of use, and affordable prices make it an excellent choice for businesses looking to upgrade their networking capabilities.

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Diagnosing and Fixing Slow Network Performance: Part 2

Diagnosing and Fixing Slow Network Performance: Part 2

In Part 1 of this article, we covered some common causes of slow network performance and how to troubleshoot and fix them. Here are some more advanced steps that you can try if you are still experiencing slow network performance:

  • Check for bottlenecks. A bottleneck is a point in the network where the performance is slowed down due to a lack of capacity. You can use a tool such as Wireshark to identify bottlenecks in your network. Once you have identified the bottleneck, you can try to fix it by upgrading the hardware or reconfiguring the network settings.
  • Check for faulty cables. Faulty cables can cause slow network performance. Check all of the cables in your network, including Ethernet cables and power cables, to make sure they are in good condition. If you find any damaged cables, replace them.
  • Check for network congestion. Network congestion occurs when there are too many devices trying to access the network at the same time. You can use a tool such as netstat to see the number of connections on your network and identify any potential congestion. If you find that there is congestion, you can try reducing the number of devices on the network or upgrading the hardware to improve the performance.
  • Check for outdated software. Outdated software can cause slow network performance. Make sure that all of the software on your devices is up to date, including the operating system and applications.
  • Check for network misconfigurations. Network misconfigurations can cause slow network performance. Make sure that the network settings on your devices are correct and that there are no conflicting settings.

In conclusion, slow network performance can be caused by a variety of factors, including bottlenecks, faulty cables, network congestion, outdated software, and network misconfigurations. By following the steps outlined in Part 1 and Part 2 of this article, you can diagnose and fix the problem to improve the performance of your network.

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Diagnosing and Fixing Slow Network Performance: Basics

If you are experiencing slow network performance, it can be frustrating and impact your productivity. There are many potential causes of slow network performance, ranging from outdated hardware to interference from other devices. In this article, we will cover some common causes of slow network performance and how to troubleshoot and fix them.

Check your internet connection speed. The first step in diagnosing slow network performance is to check your internet connection speed. You can do this by using an online speed test tool, such as Speedtest.net. This will give you an idea of the speed that you are getting from your internet service provider (ISP). If the speed is lower than what you are paying for, you may need to contact your ISP to troubleshoot the issue.

Check your router and modem. If your internet connection speed is fine, the next step is to check your router and modem. These devices are responsible for connecting your devices to the internet and can sometimes be the cause of slow network performance. You can try rebooting the router and modem to see if this helps. If the problem persists, you may need to update the firmware on the devices or consider replacing them if they are outdated.

Check for interference. Interference from other devices, such as cordless phones or microwave ovens, can cause slow network performance. Try moving the router to a different location and see if this improves the performance. You can also try using a different wireless channel to see if this helps.

Check for malware. Malware, such as viruses and worms, can slow down your network by consuming bandwidth and resources. Make sure that you have antivirus software installed and run a scan to check for malware.

Check for outdated hardware. If your devices are using outdated hardware, they may be unable to keep up with the demands of modern applications and websites. Consider upgrading your hardware, such as your router, modem, or computer, to see if this improves the performance.

In conclusion, slow network performance can be caused by a variety of factors. By following the steps outlined above, you can diagnose and fix the problem to improve the performance of your network.

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[SOLVED] Resetting a Router or switch to Its Factory Default Settings

Resetting a Router or Switch to Its Factory Default Settings

At some point, you may need to reset your router or switch to its factory default settings. This could be for a variety of reasons, such as if you have forgotten the administrator password, if the device is not functioning correctly, or if you want to sell or dispose of the device and want to remove all of your personal configuration settings.

Regardless of the reason, resetting a router or switch to its factory default settings is a relatively straightforward process. Here are the steps to follow:

Locate the reset button on the device. This is usually a small button or switch that is labeled “reset” or “restore factory defaults.” It is usually located on the back or bottom of the device.

Press and hold the reset button for a few seconds. The exact amount of time will vary depending on the device, but it is usually around 10 seconds.

Release the reset button. The device should now reset to its factory default settings. This may take a few minutes, depending on the device.

Once the device has reset, you will need to reconfigure it. This will typically involve connecting to the device’s web-based configuration interface and setting up the basic settings, such as the administrator password, the time and date, and the network settings.

It’s worth noting that resetting a router or switch to its factory default settings will erase all of your personal configuration settings, so be sure to make a note of any important settings before you reset the device. Additionally, if you are disposing of the device, be sure to perform a factory reset to ensure that all of your personal data is removed from the device.

In conclusion, resetting a router or switch to its factory default settings is a simple process that can be useful in a variety of situations. By following the steps outlined above, you can easily reset your device and reconfigure it to meet your needs.

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Using Wireshark to Troubleshoot Network Connectivity Issues: Summary

Wireshark is a powerful tool for network support technicians who are trying to troubleshoot connectivity issues and optimize network performance. In this series, we have covered a number of features in Wireshark that can be particularly useful for troubleshooting network issues, including:

  • “Follow TCP Stream”
  • “Decode As”
  • “IO Graphs”
  • “Expert Infos”
  • “Time Sequence Graph (tcptrace)”
  • “Conversation Filter”
  • “Graphical Time Sequence (grep)”
  • “Statistics”

In the following summary, we will provide a brief overview of each of these features and how they can be used to troubleshoot network issues.

  • “Follow TCP Stream” allows you to see all of the packets in a particular TCP stream in a single window, making it easier to understand the conversation between two devices.
  • “Decode As” allows you to change the way that Wireshark decodes and displays a particular protocol, which can be useful when the default decoding is not correct or when you want to see more detailed information about the protocol.
  • “IO Graphs” allows you to create graphs of packet and byte rates over time, which can help you identify trends and patterns in network traffic.
  • “Expert Infos” displays alerts and warnings about potential problems with the packets being captured, such as retransmissions or out-of-order packets.
  • “Time Sequence Graph (tcptrace)” displays a graph of TCP packet sequence numbers over time, which can help you identify problems with the TCP connection.
  • “Conversation Filter” allows you to filter the packets being displayed based on their source and destination addresses, which can be useful when you are trying to focus on a specific conversation.
  • “Graphical Time Sequence (grep)” displays a graph of packet transmission times over time, which can help you identify trends and patterns in network traffic.
  • “Statistics” provides a wide range of statistical information about the packets being captured, including “Protocol Hierarchy,” “Endpoints,” “IO Graphs,” “Conversations,” “Flow Graph,” “TCP Stream Graphs,” and “HTTP.”
  • “Protocol Hierarchy” displays a graphical representation of the protocols being used on your network, with the most frequently used protocols at the top. It is useful for identifying potential problems with your network.

Overall, Wireshark is a powerful tool that can be used to troubleshoot a wide range of network connectivity issues. By using the features discussed in this series, network support technicians can quickly and effectively identify and resolve problems with their networks, improving overall performance and reliability. Whether you are a seasoned network support professional or just starting out, learning how to use Wireshark is a valuable skill that can help you troubleshoot and optimize your network.

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[SOLVED] Using Wireshark to Troubleshoot Network Connectivity Issues: Statistics

Using Wireshark to Troubleshoot Network Connectivity Issues: Statistics

In addition to the “Follow TCP Stream,” “Decode As,” “IO Graphs,” “Expert Infos,” “Time Sequence Graph (tcptrace),” “Conversation Filter,” and “Graphical Time Sequence (grep)” features, Wireshark also includes a tool called “Statistics” that provides a wide range of statistical information about the packets being captured.

To use the “Statistics” feature, simply select the “Statistics” menu and then choose the type of statistical information that you want to view. Wireshark provides a number of different options, including “Protocol Hierarchy,” “Endpoints,” “IO Graphs,” “Conversations,” “Flow Graph,” “TCP Stream Graphs,” and “HTTP.”

Part A: How to Use the Protocol Hierarchy
To use the “Protocol Hierarchy” option in the “Statistics” feature in Wireshark, follow these steps:

Select the “Statistics” menu and then choose “Protocol Hierarchy.”
In the “Protocol Hierarchy” window, you will see a graphical representation of the protocols being used on your network, with the most frequently used protocols at the top.
To view more detailed information about a specific protocol, click on the protocol in the graph. This will open a new window with a breakdown of the packets being captured for that protocol.

Part B: Why the Protocol Hierarchy is Useful
The “Protocol Hierarchy” option in the “Statistics” feature is useful for a number of reasons:

It provides a high-level overview of the protocols being used on your network. By seeing which protocols are being used the most, you can get a sense of the types of traffic that are generating the most activity on your network.

It helps you identify any potential problems with your network. For example, if you see that a particular protocol is being used much more frequently than others, it could be a sign that there is a problem with that protocol or that it is being used excessively.

It allows you to drill down into specific protocols to get more detailed information. By clicking on a specific protocol in the graph, you can open a new window with a breakdown of the packets being captured for that protocol, which can help you identify any issues with the packets or the protocol itself.

It helps you optimize your network by identifying any protocols that are using up too much bandwidth or causing other performance issues. By identifying and addressing these issues, you can improve the overall performance of your network.

Overall, the “Protocol Hierarchy” option in the “Statistics” feature in Wireshark is a valuable tool for network support technicians who are trying to troubleshoot connectivity issues and optimize network performance.